Levetiracetam

ATC N03AX14 · WHO DDD 1.5 g (oral) · 500 mg tablet

Class: Antiepileptics. ATC code N03AX14 stands for "levetiracetam" in the WHO index, whose DDD is 1.5 g by the oral route [1].

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 2025: listed, core list and complementary list, also on the children’s list [2].

Indications on the WHO list (2)
  • Epilepsy or seizures · core list · children’s list · 5. Medicines for neurological disorders 5.1. Medicines for central nervous system disorders 5.1.1. Antiseizure medicines · first added 2023
  • Status epilepticus · complementary list · children’s list · 5. Medicines for neurological disorders 5.1. Medicines for central nervous system disorders 5.1.1. Antiseizure medicines · first added 2023

The WHO electronic list states that the 2025 PDF lists are binding: adults’ list, children’s list.

Summary by country, in euros at the ECB rate of 9 October 2026 [3]
CountryPacksKind of figure Cost per DDDAnnual cost at the WHO standard dose
France 21 List price €1.10 to €1.25 €400.59 to €455.34
Spain 35 List price €2.73 €995.17 to €995.25
United Kingdom 1 Reimbursement tariff €0.16 €57.27 £48.55

Names, authorisations and literature

Trade names (56)
European Union, central authorisation (10)
Keppra, Levetiracetam Accord, Levetiracetam Actavis, Levetiracetam Actavis Group, Levetiracetam Hospira, Levetiracetam ratiopharm, Levetiracetam Sun, Levetiracetam Teva, Matever, Epixram (application withdrawn) [4]
France (20)
KEPPRA, LEVETIRACETAM ACCORD, LEVETIRACETAM ARROW, LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB, LEVETIRACETAM BIOGARAN, LEVETIRACETAM CRISTERS, LEVETIRACETAM CRISTERS PHARMA, LEVETIRACETAM EG, LEVETIRACETAM EG LABO, LEVETIRACETAM EVOLUGEN, LEVETIRACETAM HIKMA, LEVETIRACETAM KRKA, LEVETIRACETAM SANDOZ, LEVETIRACETAM SUN, LEVETIRACETAM TEVA, LEVETIRACETAM TILLOMED, LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS, LEVETIRACETAM ZENTIVA, LEVETIRACETAM ZYDUS, LEVIDCEN [5]
Spain (26)
KEPPRA, LAURAK, LEVETIRACETAM ALMUS, LEVETIRACETAM ALTER, LEVETIRACETAM ARISTO, LEVETIRACETAM AUROVITAS, LEVETIRACETAM CINFA, LEVETIRACETAM COMBIX, LEVETIRACETAM DESITIN, LEVETIRACETAM KERN PHARMA, LEVETIRACETAM KRKA, LEVETIRACETAM MABO, LEVETIRACETAM NORMON, LEVETIRACETAM PENSA, LEVETIRACETAM QUALIGEN, LEVETIRACETAM RATIOPHARM, LEVETIRACETAM SANDOZ, LEVETIRACETAM STADAFARMA, LEVETIRACETAM STADAGEN, LEVETIRACETAM SUN, LEVETIRACETAM TARBIS FARMA, LEVETIRACETAM TECNIGEN, LEVETIRACETAM TEVA, LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS, LEVETIRACETAM VIR, TIRBAS [6]

Links lead to the official product page: the EPAR for the European Union, the public medicines database for France, the CIMA summary of product characteristics for Spain, the dm+d for the United Kingdom. An asterisk marks a name taken from the DysNet register only.

European public assessment reports, EPAR (10)
  • Keppra · authorised · reference medicine · UCB Pharma SA · authorised 29 September 2000
    Indication (EMA text)

    Keppra is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Keppra is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from one month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Levetiracetam Accord · authorised · generic · Accord Healthcare S.L.U. · authorised 3 October 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from one month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Levetiracetam Actavis · authorised · generic · Actavis Group PTC ehf · authorised 3 October 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam Actavis is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam Actavis is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from one month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Levetiracetam Actavis Group · authorised · generic · Actavis Group PTC ehf · authorised 4 December 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam Actavis Group is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam Actavis Group is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from 1 month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Levetiracetam Hospira · authorised · generic · Pfizer Europe MA EEIG · authorised 7 January 2014
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam Hospira is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults and adolescents from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam Hospira is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, adolescents and children from 4 years of age with epilepsy. in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy. Levetiracetam Hospira concentrate is an alternative for patients when oral administration is temporarily not feasible.

  • Levetiracetam ratiopharm · authorised · generic · ratiopharm GmbH · authorised 26 August 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam ratiopharm is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam ratiopharm is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from 1 month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Levetiracetam Sun · authorised · generic · Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Europe B.V. · authorised 14 December 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam Sun is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam Sun is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults and children from four years of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy. Levetiracetam Sun concentrate is an alternative for patients when oral administration is temporarily not feasible.

  • Levetiracetam Teva · authorised · generic · Teva B.V. · authorised 25 August 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Levetiracetam Teva is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults and adolescents from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Levetiracetam Teva is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, adolescents, children and infants from 1 month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Matever · authorised · generic · Pharmathen S.A. · authorised 3 October 2011
    Indication (EMA text)

    Matever is indicated as monotherapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Matever is indicated as adjunctive therapy: in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adults, children and infants from one month of age with epilepsy; in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with idiopathic generalised epilepsy.

  • Epixram · application withdrawn · reference medicine · Neuraxpharm Pharmaceuticals S.L.
    Indication (EMA text)

    Treatment of partial onset seizures.

European Medicines Agency list of 09/10/2026 - 18:00 [4].

Literature (PubMed, 6,840 papers)

PubMed counts 6,840 papers on this medicine [7]. The selection gives the most recent of each type; the Method page says how it is made. See the search in PubMed ↗

Cochrane reviews (27)

  • Abiramalatha T, et al. Anti-seizure medications for neonates with seizures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023. PubMed 37873971 ↗ doi ↗
  • Nevitt SJ, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PubMed 35363878 ↗ doi ↗
  • Panebianco M, et al. Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022. PubMed 35349176 ↗ doi ↗
  • Milburn-McNulty P, et al. Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PubMed 34554571 ↗ doi ↗
  • Offringa M, et al. Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PubMed 34131913 ↗ doi ↗

All 27 results in PubMed ↗

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (295)
  • Alshaqi O, et al. Infertility treatment in women with epilepsy: A systematic review. Epilepsy Behav. 2026. PubMed 42492305 ↗ doi ↗
  • Stoppa A, et al. Critical reassessment of manic and psychotic episodes related to levetiracetam: a systematic review of published case reports. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2026. PubMed 42289003 ↗ doi ↗
  • Pringsheim T, et al. Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Treatment for Migraine Prevention in Adults: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2026. PubMed 42673559 ↗ doi ↗
  • Lima NL, et al. Prophylactic Antiepileptic Drugs in Nontraumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Network Meta-Analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2026. PubMed 42087030 ↗ doi ↗
  • Ibrahim T, et al. Comment: Efficacy and Safety of Levetiracetam vs Sodium Valproate in Pediatric Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2026. PubMed 42800906 ↗ doi ↗

All 295 results in PubMed ↗

Practice guidelines (20)
  • Rowe AS, et al. Guidelines for Seizure Prophylaxis in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2026. PubMed 42552475 ↗ doi ↗
  • Rowe AS, et al. Guidelines for Seizure Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Supratentorial Neurosurgery: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2026. PubMed 42087034 ↗ doi ↗
  • Liang S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse glioma-related epilepsy: 2025 update. Cancer Lett. 2026. PubMed 41740829 ↗ doi ↗

All 20 results in PubMed ↗

Health technology assessments (29)

The opinions of the assessment bodies of the pilot countries and of Germany, with a link to each opinion. The status shown is the one each body publishes.

France, HAS Transparency Committee (21)

SMR: actual clinical benefit. ASMR: improvement in actual clinical benefit, from I (major) to V (none). Opinions taken from the BDPM [5].

  • CT-21259 · 16 July 2025 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important, Insuffisant · ASMR V · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par KEPPRA (lévétiracétam) 100 mg/mL, solution buvable en flacon de 150 mL avec seringue graduée de 5 mL, est important en association dans le traitement des crises partielles avec ou sans généralisation secondaire uniquement chez le nourrisson et le jeune enfant à partir de 6 mois à moins de 4 ans présentant une épilepsie.

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par KEPPRA (lévétiracétam) 100 mg/mL, solution buvable en flacon de 150 mL avec seringue graduée de 5 mL, est insuffisant pour justifier d’une prise en charge par la solidarité nationale dans les autres situations cliniques couvertes par l’indication de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un complément de gamme qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport aux présentations déjà inscrites.

  • CT-19212 · 2 June 2021 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEPTAX
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEPTAX 750 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécable (lévétiracétam) est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un générique qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport aux spécialités à base de lévétiracétam déjà disponibles.

  • CT-18271 · 8 January 2020 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM TILLOMED
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM TILLOMED 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion, est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un générique qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport au princeps KEPPRA 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion (lévétiracétam).

  • CT-17076 · 11 July 2018 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB 100 mg/mL, solution à diluer pour perfusion est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport au princeps KEPPRA 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion déjà inscrit.

  • CT-16677 · 24 January 2018 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM HIKMA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM HIKMA est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un générique qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à la spécialité princeps KEPPRA 100 mg/ml solution à diluer pour perfusion déjà inscrite.

  • CT-16494 · 25 October 2017 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM STRAGEN
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM STRAGEN est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un médicament hybride qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à la spécialité de référence KEPPRA 100 mg/ml solution à diluer pour perfusion déjà inscrite.

  • CT-14902 · 20 April 2016 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécable est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Cette spécialité est un complément de gamme qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à la présentation déjà inscrite.

  • CT-14432 · 1 July 2015 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par les spécialités KEPPRA est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Ces spécialités sont des compléments de gamme qui n’apporte pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport aux autres présentations déjà inscrites.

  • CT-14046 · 1 April 2015 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVIDCEN
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par les spécialités LEVIDCEN, granulés enrobés est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Les spécialités LEVIDCEN, granulés enrobés n’apportent pas d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport aux spécialités à base de lévétiracétam déjà disponibles.

  • CT-13590 · 23 April 2014 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM HOSPIRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM HOSPIRA 100 mg/ml est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Absence d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V, inexistante) par rapport aux autres spécialités à base de lévétiracétam déjà inscrites.

  • CT-12792 · 17 April 2013 · Renouvellement d'inscription (CT) · SMR Important · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par les spécialités KEPPRA reste important dans les indications de l’AMM.

  • CT-12789 · 17 April 2013 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par KEPPRA est important dans les indications de l'AMM.

    ASMR : Absence d'amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V, inexistante) par rapport aux autres présentations de KEPPRA.

  • CT-12538 · 21 November 2012 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM ARROW
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : La Commission considère que le service médical rendu par LEVETIRACETAM ARROW 100mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion est important dans les indications de l’AMM.

    ASMR : Absence d’amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à KEPPRA 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion.

  • CT-12013 · 29 February 2012 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM SUN
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par cette spécialité est important dans les indications de l'AMM.

    ASMR : Absence d'amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à KEPPRA 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion.

  • CT-11788 · 4 January 2012 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR V · LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le service médical rendu par cette spécialité est important dans les indications de l'AMM.

    ASMR : Absence d'amélioration du service médical rendu (ASMR V) par rapport à KEPPRA 100 mg/ml, solution à diluer pour perfusion.

  • CT-8027 · 16 June 2010 · Inscription (CT) · ASMR III · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    ASMR : Dans un contexte d'insuffisance d'évaluation des antiépileptiques utilisés chez l'enfant et de formes galéniques adaptées de ces antiépileptiques, Keppra 100 mg/ml solution buvable avec seringues de 1 ml et 3 ml apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu modéré (ASMR III) en association dans le traitement des crises partielles avec ou sans généralisation secondaire chez le nourrisson à partir de 1 mois et chez l'enfant de moins de 4 ans, au même titre que Keppra 100 mg/ml solution buvable avec seringue de 10 ml chez l'enfant âgé de plus de 4 ans dans cette indication.

  • CT-4471 · 10 October 2007 · Extension d'indication · ASMR IV · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    ASMR : Compte tenu de son rapport efficacité/effets indésirables, KEPPRA, utilisé en association dans la prise en charge des crises généralisées tonico-cloniques primaires chez les patients atteints d'épilepsie généralisée idiopathique, apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu de niveau IV.

  • CT-3913 · 28 February 2007 · Extension d'indication · ASMR III, IV · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    ASMR : Le lévétiracetam apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu modérée (ASMR III) dans la prise en charge de l'adulte et de l'enfant de plus de 12 ans présentant une épilepsie myoclonique juvénile.

    ASMR : Le lévétiracetam apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu mineure (ASMR IV) en termes de tolérance par rapport à la carbamazépine LP en monothérapie dans le traitement des crises partielles avec ou sans généralisation secondaire chez les patients à partir de 16 ans présentant une épilepsie nouvellement diagnostiquée.

  • CT-2943 · 19 July 2006 · Inscription (CT) · SMR Important · ASMR IV · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    SMR : Le niveau de service médical rendu pour ces spécialités est important dans les indications de l'AMM.

    ASMR : Compte tenu de l'absence de formulations injectables d'antiépileptiques de 3ème génération, KEPPRA 100 mg/ml solution à diluer pour perfusion apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu de niveau IV dans l'indication.

  • CT-2838 · 19 July 2006 · Extension d'indication · ASMR III · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    ASMR : Compte tenu du faible risque d'interactions pharmacocinétiques du lévitiracétam et de la carence galénique des antiépileptiques de 3ème génération utilisés chez l'enfant, KEPPRA administré par voie orale apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu de niveau III dans l'extension d'indication.

  • CT-2837 · 19 July 2006 · Inscription (CT) · ASMR V, III · KEPPRA
    Wording of the opinion, in French

    ASMR : KEPPRA 100 mg/ml solution buvable, complément de gamme de KEPPRA 250 mg, 500 mg et 100 mg, comprimés pelliculés, n'apporte pas d'amélioration du service médical rendu (niveau V) chez l'adulte.

    ASMR : Compte tenu du faible risque d'interactions pharmacocinétiques du lévitiracétam et de la carence galénique des antiépileptiques de 3ème génération utilisés chez l'enfant, KEPPRA administré par voie orale apporte une amélioration du service médical rendu de niveau III dans l'extension d'indication.

England, NICE (0)

NICE has published no technology appraisal that names this medicine among the technologies appraised [8].

Scotland, SMC (8)
  • SMC 661/10 · 17 January 2011 · levetiracetam (Keppra) · restricted · Abbreviated
    Indication

    Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in children and infants from 1 month of age to 4 years with epilepsy

  • SMC 394/07 · 10 September 2007 · levetiracetam 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg tablets and levetiracetam oral solution 100mg/ml (Keppra) · Full
    Indication

    Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in children from 4 years of age with epilepsy

  • SMC 395/07 · 10 September 2007 · levetiracetam 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg tablets and levetiracetam oral solution 100mg/ml (Keppra) · Full
    Indication

    as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of myoclonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

  • SMC 396/07 · 10 September 2007 · levetiracetam 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg tablets and levetiracetam oral solution 100mg/ml (Keppra) · Full
    Indication

    as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures in adults and adolescents from 12 years of age with generalised idiopathic epilepsy.

  • SMC 397/07 · 10 September 2007 · levetiracetam 250, 500, 750 and 1000mg tablets and levetiracetam oral solution 100mg/ml (Keppra) · Full
    Indication

    as monotherapy in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in patients from 16 years of age with newly diagnosed epilepsy

  • SMC 311/06 · 9 October 2006 · levetiracetam 500mg/5ml concentrate for infusion (Keppra) · Abbreviated
    Indication

    Epilepsy

  • SMC 151/04 · 10 January 2005 · levetiracetam (Keppra®) 100mg oral solution · restricted · Abbreviated
    Indication

    Epilepsy

  • SMC 150/04 · 10 January 2005 · levetiracetam (Keppra®) 750 mg tablets · restricted · Abbreviated
    Indication

    Epilepsy

  • SMC advice [9]
Germany, G-BA (0)

The G-BA has run no early benefit assessment (AMNOG) of this medicine on its own [10].

Spain, AEMPS therapeutic positioning reports (0)

The AEMPS database of therapeutic positioning reports holds no report on this medicine [11].

How the figure is computed

Example, France: the pack LEVETIRACETAM ZENTIVA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé, plaquette(s) PVC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s), costs €21.95. It holds 30 g, which is 20 DDD. The cost per DDD is €21.95 ÷ 20 = €1.10, and the annual cost at the WHO standard dose, list price, is that cost × 365 = €400.59.

France

Public price in France, including VAT and the per-pack dispensing fee. Source [5], read on 9 October 2026. ATC match: through the active substance (BDPM substance code), since the BDPM gives no ATC code.

Show the 21 packs
ProductPackPrice DDD per packCost per DDDAnnual cost at the WHO standard doseSource line
LEVETIRACETAM ZENTIVA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéZENTIVA FRANCE plaquette(s) PVC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 60841805 / CIP13 3400930076439substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM CRISTERS PHARMA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableSUN PHARMA FRANCE plaquette(s) PVC-Aluminium polyamide aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 60952937 / CIP13 3400922325941substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM ACCORD 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéACCORD HEALTHCARE (ESPAGNE) plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 61196357 / CIP13 3400921988741substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM ACCORD 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéACCORD HEALTHCARE (ESPAGNE) 60 plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 1 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 61196357 / CIP13 3400922381602substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM ZYDUS 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéZYDUS FRANCE plaquette(s) PVC PVDC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 61276718 / CIP13 3400927498541substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableARROW GENERIQUES plaquette(s) PVC polyéthylène PVDC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 61956319 / CIP13 3400926804305substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM KRKA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableKRKA (SLOVENIE) plaquette(s) PVC PVDC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 62511293 / CIP13 3400930004104substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM BIOGARAN 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableBIOGARAN 1 flacon(s) polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) avec fermeture de sécurité enfant de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 64718764 / CIP13 3400930080078substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM BIOGARAN 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableBIOGARAN plaquette(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 64718764 / CIP13 3400941656378substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéVIATRIS SANTE flacon(s) polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 65523468 / CIP13 3400930151167substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéVIATRIS SANTE plaquette(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 65523468 / CIP13 3400941626913substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM TEVA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéTEVA (PAYS-BAS) plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC PVDC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 67049047 / CIP13 3400921626001substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM EVOLUGEN 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableEVOLUPHARM plaquette(s) PVC-Aluminium OPA : polyamide orienté aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 68079965 / CIP13 3400930017852substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM EG LABO 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableEG LABO - LABORATOIRES EUROGENERICS plaquette(s) PVC polyéthylène PVDC aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 68138972 / CIP13 3400930215357substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM SANDOZ 500 mg, comprimé pellliculé sécableSANDOZ plaquette(s) polyamide aluminium PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €21.95 20 €1.10 €400.59 CIS 68435767 / CIP13 3400921926767substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
LEVETIRACETAM ARROW LAB 500 mg, comprimé pelliculé sécableARROW GENERIQUES flacon(s) polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) de 30 comprimé(s) €11.52 10 €1.15 €420.48 CIS 61956319 / CIP13 3400926807894substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
KEPPRA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéUCB PHARMA BELGIQUE plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) (distributeur parallèle : Mediwin Ldt) €23.54 20 €1.18 €429.61 CIS 68596770 / CIP13 3400949505081substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
KEPPRA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéUCB PHARMA BELGIQUE plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) (distributeur parallèle : BB Farma) €23.54 20 €1.18 €429.61 CIS 68596770 / CIP13 3400949508914substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
KEPPRA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéUCB PHARMA BELGIQUE plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-aluminium de 60 comprimé(s) €24.73 20 €1.24 €451.32 CIS 68596770 / CIP13 3400935601650substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
KEPPRA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéUCB PHARMA BELGIQUE plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s)(distributeur parallèle : Inter Trade Pharma) €24.95 20 €1.25 €455.34 CIS 68596770 / CIP13 3400949510405substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm
KEPPRA 500 mg, comprimé pelliculéUCB PHARMA BELGIQUE plaquette(s) thermoformée(s) PVC-Aluminium de 60 comprimé(s)(distributeur parallèle : Pharmalab) €24.95 20 €1.25 €455.34 CIS 68596770 / CIP13 3400949510634substance code 95609 (LÉVÉTIRACÉTAM) in CIS_COMPO_bdpm

Spain

Retail price including VAT (PVP IVA). Source [12][6], read on 9 October 2026. ATC match: ATC code of each national code, checked in CIMA.

Show the 35 packs
ProductPackPrice DDD per packCost per DDDAnnual cost at the WHO standard doseSource line
LEVETIRACETAM TEVA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG 60 comprimidosTEVA PHARMA, S.L.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 684649AEMPS CIMA, registration 11701011
LEVETIRACETAM KERN PHARMA 500 mg comprimidos recubiertos con pelicula , 60 comprimidosKERN PHARMA, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 684651AEMPS CIMA, registration 74780
LEVETIRACETAM MABO 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosMABO-FARMA, S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 685087AEMPS CIMA, registration 74877
TIRBAS 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosALTER S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 685145AEMPS CIMA, registration 74895
LEVETIRACETAM CINFA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosCINFA S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 685777AEMPS CIMA, registration 75003
LEVETIRACETAM NORMON 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosNORMON S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 686013AEMPS CIMA, registration 75042
LEVETIRACETAM PENSA 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosTOWA PHARMACEUTICAL, S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 686138AEMPS CIMA, registration 75086
LEVETIRACETAM SANDOZ 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosSANDOZ FARMACEUTICA, S.A 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 686532AEMPS CIMA, registration 75135
LEVETIRACETAM SUN 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG , 60 comprimidosSUN PHARMA LABORATORIOS, S.L 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 687139AEMPS CIMA, registration 75319
LEVETIRACETAM QUALIGEN 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosNEURAXPHARM SPAIN, S.L.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 688546AEMPS CIMA, registration 75613
LEVETIRACETAM TECNIGEN 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosTECNIMEDE ESPAÑA INDUSTRIA FARMACEUTICA S.A. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 689263AEMPS CIMA, registration 75782
LAURAK 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidosNEURAXPHARM SPAIN, S.L.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 689832AEMPS CIMA, registration 75896
LEVETIRACETAM ALMUS 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG , 60 comprimidosALMUS FARMACEUTICA, S.A.U. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 691783AEMPS CIMA, registration 76133
LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 60 comprimidosVIATRIS PHARMACEUTICALS, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 692056AEMPS CIMA, registration 76177
LEVETIRACETAM COMBIX 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA , 60 comprimidos (PVC/PVDC/AL)COMBIX, S.L.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 693065AEMPS CIMA, registration 76449
LEVETIRACETAM KRKA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG , 60 comprimidosKRKA D.D. NOVO MESTO 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 703130AEMPS CIMA, registration 78937
KEPPRA 500mg comprimidos recubiertos con pelicula 60 comprimidosDIFARMED, S.L.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 707577AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP
LEVETIRACETAM SANDOZ 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG,60 comprimidos (frasco)SANDOZ FARMACEUTICA, S.A 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 711510AEMPS CIMA, registration 75135
LEVETIRACETAM AUROVITAS 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 60 comprimidosAUROVITAS SPAIN, S.A.U 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 714151AEMPS CIMA, registration 81584
KEPPRA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA, 60 comprimidosMELYFARMA, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 721181AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP1
KEPPRA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA, 60 comprimidosECOFAR PRODUCTOS, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 723326AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP2
KEPPRA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA, 60 comprimidosELAM PHARMA LABS, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 727998AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP3
LEVETIRACETAM STADAFARMA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG. 60 comprimidosSTADA, S.L 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 729631AEMPS CIMA, registration 85530
LEVETIRACETAM TARBIS FARMA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 60 comprimidosTARBIS FARMA, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 731479AEMPS CIMA, registration 86141
KEPPRA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA, 60 comprimidosABACUS MEDICINE A/S 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 765015AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP4
KEPPRA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA, 60 comprimidosEUROMED PHARMA SPAIN, S.L. 60 comprimidos €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 765506AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010IP5
KEPPRA 500MG 60 COMPRIMIDOS CON CUBIERTA PELICULARUCB PHARMA S.A. 60 COMPRIMIDOS €54.53 20 €2.73 €995.17 Código Nacional 918839AEMPS CIMA, registration 00146010
LEVETIRACETAM CINFA 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosCINFA S.A. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 687638AEMPS CIMA, registration 75003
LEVETIRACETAM NORMON 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG,100 comprimidosNORMON S.A. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 728669AEMPS CIMA, registration 75042
LEVETIRACETAM STADAFARMA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG. 100 comprimidosSTADA, S.L 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 729633AEMPS CIMA, registration 85530
LEVETIRACETAM ALTER 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosALTER S.A. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 732568AEMPS CIMA, registration 74891
LEVETIRACETAM TARBIS FARMA 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosTARBIS FARMA, S.L. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 757997AEMPS CIMA, registration 86141
LEVETIRACETAM TEVA 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosTEVA PHARMA, S.L.U 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 762430AEMPS CIMA, registration 11701011
TIRBAS 500 mg COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosALTER S.A. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 763095AEMPS CIMA, registration 74895
LEVETIRACETAM VIATRIS 500 MG COMPRIMIDOS RECUBIERTOS CON PELICULA EFG, 100 comprimidosVIATRIS PHARMACEUTICALS, S.L. 100 comprimidos €90.89 33.33 €2.73 €995.25 Código Nacional 765781AEMPS CIMA, registration 76177

United Kingdom

Drug Tariff basic price paid to the pharmacy, excluding VAT (Part VIIIA Category M). Source [13][14], read on 9 October 2026. ATC match: ATC code of the virtual product (VMP) in the dm+d.

Show the 1 pack
ProductPackPrice DDD per packCost per DDDAnnual cost at the WHO standard doseSource line
Levetiracetam 500mg tablets 60 tablet £2.66 20 £0.13 £48.55€57.27 VMPP SNOMED 1058311000001107dm+d browser, VMP 1635

References

  1. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD Index 2026 [Internet]. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Public Health; [updated 2026 Jan 20; cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://atcddd.fhi.no/atc_ddd_index/
  2. World Health Organization. Electronic Essential Medicines List (eEML) [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://list.essentialmeds.org/
  3. European Central Bank. Euro foreign exchange reference rates, 9 October 2026 [Internet]. Frankfurt am Main: ECB; 2026 [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html
  4. European Medicines Agency. Download medicine data [Internet]. Amsterdam: EMA; 2026 [updated 2026 Oct 9; cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/download-medicine-data
  5. Base de données publique des médicaments [Internet]. Paris: Ministère du Travail, de la Santé, des Solidarités et des Familles; 2026 [updated 2026 Oct 8; cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://base-donnees-publique.medicaments.gouv.fr/telechargement
  6. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. CIMA: Centro de información de medicamentos [Internet]. Madrid: AEMPS; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://cima.aemps.es/cima/
  7. PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Technology appraisal guidance [Internet]. London: NICE; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/published?ngt=Technology%20appraisal%20guidance
  9. Scottish Medicines Consortium. Medicines advice [Internet]. Glasgow: SMC; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://scottishmedicines.org.uk/medicines-advice/
  10. Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss. Nutzenbewertung nach § 35a SGB V: Apixaban [Internet]. Berlin: G-BA; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.g-ba.de/bewertungsverfahren/nutzenbewertung/
  11. Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios. Informes de posicionamiento terapéutico [Internet]. Madrid: AEMPS; [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.aemps.gob.es/medicamentos-de-uso-humano/evaluacion-de-tecnologias-sanitarias/informes-de-posicionamiento-terapeutico/
  12. Ministerio de Sanidad. Nomenclátor de facturación de octubre 2026 [Internet]. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad; 2026 [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/nomenclator.do
  13. NHS Business Services Authority. Drug Tariff Part VIIIA, October 2026 [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne: NHSBSA; 2026 [cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/pharmacies-gp-practices-and-appliance-contractors/drug-tariff/drug-tariff-part-viii
  14. NHS Business Services Authority. dm+d browser: NHS dictionary of medicines and devices [Internet]. Newcastle upon Tyne: NHSBSA; [updated 2026 Oct 1; cited 2026 Oct 9]. Available from: https://dmd-browser.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/